Drainage (Τheory)

The aim of the lesson is to present, to inform and to educate students on issues related to additional water removing in a specific area. This water could be over the soil surface or underground with the main purpose to make the area more suitable for use by humans. Also basic aim is the economotechnical investigation in different techniques used in rendering process of drainage and the effect of different parameters involved in the study of a drainage network.

Objectives

Upon successful completion of this lesson the student : • has demonstrated knowledge and understanding of issues relating to soil drainage networks, design, organization and construction method. • is able to use the knowledge and understanding in a way that shows professional approach to work, to have skills proved by developing and supporting arguments and solve implementation problems of soil drainage. • is able to notify ideas and solutions to problems related to crop irrigation at both specialist and non-specialist audience. • has developed those skills to learn in order to continue his/her study in high level in a particular subject.

Prerequisites

There are no prerequisites.

Syllabus

1. Introduction. (Reclamation projects - Irrigation - Irrigation in agriculture) 2. Basic Principles of Irrigation. 2.1. Soil. (Soil mechanical composition – Soil types – Soil physical parameters – Soil structure – Soil depth – Soil nutrients - Soil as a water reservoir - Classification of soil moisture – Expression of soil moisture - Storage of soil moisture - Saturation – Field capacity - Permanent wilting point - Available - Soil moisture determination methods - Field capacity determination methods - Permanent wilting point determination methods - Estimation of soil moisture in the field – Infiltration measurements – Soil Classification). 2.2. Water - Plants. (Quality of irrigation water - Plants water needs - Η εξάτμιση από τα εδάφη – Soil evaporation - Evapotranspiration - Factors affecting evapotranspiration – Direct evapotranspiration measurements - Indirect evapotranspiration measurements – Modified Penman method - Blaney – Criddle method – Active rain - - Calculation of irrigation system supply - Irrigation dose – Irrigation range – Irrigation duration – Irrigation systems ). 3. Surface Irrigation. 3.1. Method description – Different irrigation methods. 3.2. Flooding irrigation. (Flooding in rectangular basins – Flooding in small basins – Flooding by the contours) 3.3 Border irrigation. (Irrigation dose and irrigation time – Border dimensions calculation – Irrigation components). 3.4. Furrow irrigation. (Water Supply modes in borders – Water filtration in borders – Irrigation dose and irrigation time - Border dimensions calculation) 4. Underground irrigation. Description of the method - Principles of underground irrigation - Conditions for selection of underground irrigation - Advantages and disadvantages of underground irrigation - Selection criteria of modal underground irrigation). 5. Sprinkle Irrigation 5.1. Method description. (Advantages and disadvantages of sprinkler irrigation. Different sprinkler irrigation networks (Permanent networks – semi permanent networks – Portable networks). 5.2. Pumping system (Required power - supply – pump manometric height – Water pump types – suction pipeline - engine). 5.3. Pipe network. (Portable and permanent sprinkler networks – Sprinkler network’s pipelines and components - Transport, storage of pipelines – Classic provisions of pipelines networks – Pipelines cross-section calculation – Load losses calculation due to friction - Pipelines water hammer - Most economical diameter selection). 5.4. Sprinklers. (Sprinklers categories – Hydraulic sprinklers characteristics – Sprinklers order – Uniformity of sprayed water - Rain intensity – Appropriate sprinkler choice). 6. Drip irrigation 6.1. Method description. Advantages and disadvantages of drip irrigation. 6.2. Method description, System design (Water supply source – Control head – Pipeline network - Drippers - Micro sprinklers – Soil wetting percentage). 6.3. Water consumption (Irrigation dose – Daily water consumption – Irrigation range – Water Total amount of water in the irrigation period – Drippers supply – Irrigation duration. 6.4. Pipe network (Side pipelines – Secondary pipelines – Main pipeline. Pipeline water hammer - Most economical diameter selection). 6.5. Pumping system. (Required pump power, engine – Pump manometer height - Pump station abnormal functioning). 6.6. Plants fertilization with irrigation (Fertilization technique with irrigation – Fertilizer administered dose calculation).